First published in 1996, liposomes have become an important model in fundamental biomembrane research, including biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological studies of membranes and cell function. They are thoroughly studied in several applications, such as drug delivery systems in medical applications and as controlled release systems, microencapsulating media, signal carriers, support matrices, and solubilizers in other applications. While medical applications have been extensively reviewed in recent literature, there is a need for easily accessible information on applications for liposomes beyond pharmacology and medicine. The Handbook of Nonmedical Applications of Liposomes fills this void. This unique new handbook series presents recent developments in the use of liposomes in many scientific disciplines, from studies on the origin of life, protein function, and vesicle shapes, to applications in cosmetics, diagnostics, ecology, bioreclamation, and the food industry. In these volumes many of the top experts contribute extensive reviews of their work.

This book is devoted to a broader understanding of liposomes as a versatile tool used in many domains, including basic research and applied technology, focusing on less common applications and recent developments. Over the past few years, new types of liposomes made of nonphospholipid molecules have opened new perspectives in applications. These lipid vesicles, already used in cosmetology, are being manufactured for industrial and agricultural uses. However, "Stealth" liposomes, pH-sensitive liposomes, and cationic liposomes have enlarged and improved the application field of liposomes in clinical research. The book covers these different uses of liposomes with particular attention to new formulations and new applications.

First published in 1996, liposomes have become an important model in fundamental biomembrane research, including biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological studies of membranes and cell function. They are thoroughly studied in several applications, such as drug delivery systems in medical applications and as controlled release systems, microencapsulating media, signal carriers, support matrices, and solubilizers in other applications. While medical applications have been extensively reviewed in recent literature, there is a need for easily accessible information on applications for liposomes beyond pharmacology and medicine. The Handbook of Nonmedical Applications of Liposomes fills this void. This unique new handbook series presents recent developments in the use of liposomes in many scientific disciplines, from studies on the origin of life, protein function, and vesicle shapes, to applications in cosmetics, diagnostics, ecology, bioreclamation, and the food industry. In these volumes many of the top experts contribute extensive reviews of their work.

This book is devoted to a broader understanding of liposomes as a versatile tool used in many domains, including basic research and applied technology, focusing on less common applications and recent developments. Over the past few years, new types of liposomes made of nonphospholipid molecules have opened new perspectives in applications. These lipid vesicles, already used in cosmetology, are being manufactured for industrial and agricultural uses. However, "Stealth" liposomes, pH-sensitive liposomes, and cationic liposomes have enlarged and improved the application field of liposomes in clinical research. The book covers these different uses of liposomes with particular attention to new formulations and new applications.

This book focuses on water purification by micelle-clay nano-particles. The micelle-clay complex is composed of an organic cation (surfactant) with a long alkyl chain, e.g., ODTMA (octadecyltrimethylammonium) that spontaneously forms micelles of several nm in diameters at small concentrations. The positively charged micelles interact with a negatively charged clay (bentonite) at optimal ratios. The resulting complex has a large surface area per weight; it includes large hydrophobic parts and has an excess of a positive charge. The complex is insensitive to higher temperatures (50 0C), to pH values in the range of 2-11, or ionic strengths. Production of powdered and granulated complexes is described. The material characteristics of the micelle-clay complex differ from those of organo-clay of the same composition, which is formed by the interaction of monomers of the surfactant with the clay (Chapters One and Two). Model calculations enable simulations and predictions of removal of pollutants from water in batch or filtration experiments, and can yield cost estimates (Chapter Three). Laboratory and pilot experiments (Chapter Four) yield efficient removal from the water of (i) hydrophobic and anionic organic molecules: herbicides, humic acid, dissolved organic matter, and pharmaceuticals; (ii) inorganic anions, e.g., perchlorate; and (iii) microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, and parasites, e.g., cryptosporidium, which is resistant to chlorination. The (above) use of a micelle-clay complex indicated a big advantage in comparison with activated carbon. Low cost regeneration of used filters after bacteria adsorption is described. Biocidal effects of cations, e.g., ODTMA are demonstrated; released cations during filtration enhanced the filter efficiency. The released cations are removed from water before consumer use by another filter containing activated carbon. Drinking water from lakes is forbidden during cyanobacteria bloom due to harmful toxins. Filtration by the granulated micelle-clay complex and killing of cyanobacteria by ODTMA cations are described. Water purification by other clay-composites such as liposome- and polymer-clay is described in Chapter Five. Collaboration between technologies of water purification are found in Chapter Six: (i) Incubation of grey water in a moving bed biological reactor followed by filtration by the micelle-clay granulated complex enables water reuse at low cost. (ii) Filtration combined with degradation by solar photo-Fenton processes is a promising tertiary treatment of wastewater, including efficient removal of problematic pharmaceuticals. (iii) A new design of the micelle-clay complex may yield enhanced capacity for removal of microorganisms from water by combining filtration with biocidal action of free cations. This book describes inventions in material science and developments of computational procedures for simulations and predictions, and is an authoritative and stimulating reference for researchers, engineers and students involved in water treatment and adsorption processes.

This second edition of the successful textbook, Modern Physics: An Introductory Text, preserves the unique blend of readability, scientific rigour and authenticity that made its predecessor so indispensible a text for non-physics science majors. As in the first edition, it sets out to present 20th century physics in a form accessible and useful to students of the life sciences, medicine, agricultural, earth and environmental sciences. It is also valuable as a first reader and source text for students majoring in the physical sciences and engineering. Two new chapters have been added, one on Einstein's elucidation of Brownian Motion and the second on Quantum Electrodynamics.Taking the discovery of the electron, the formulation of Maxwellian electromagnetism and Einstein's elucidation of Brownian motion as its starting point, the text proceeds to a comprehensive presentation of the three seminal ideas of 20th century physics: Special and General Relativity, Quantum Theory and the Nuclear Atom. From here the text moves on to the new discoveries prompted by these ideas, their impact on our understanding of natural phenomena and their application to the development and invention of the devices and technologies that define the 21st century.Questions, exercises and problems for student assignments are found at the end of each of the six parts into which the text is divided; answers to the numerical questions are at the end of the book. The techniques by which trigonometric functions, phasors (rotating vectors) and complex numbers are employed in the mathematical description of wave motion are summarised in a supplementary section. In consideration of the audience for whom the book is intended, all mathematics other than that required for descriptive or illustrative purposes has been omitted from the main body of the text and incorporated into the 47 worked examples and 11 appendices.

This second edition of the successful textbook, Modern Physics: An Introductory Text, preserves the unique blend of readability, scientific rigour and authenticity that made its predecessor so indispensible a text for non-physics science majors. As in the first edition, it sets out to present 20th century physics in a form accessible and useful to students of the life sciences, medicine, agricultural, earth and environmental sciences. It is also valuable as a first reader and source text for students majoring in the physical sciences and engineering. Two new chapters have been added, one on Einstein's elucidation of Brownian Motion and the second on Quantum Electrodynamics.Taking the discovery of the electron, the formulation of Maxwellian electromagnetism and Einstein's elucidation of Brownian motion as its starting point, the text proceeds to a comprehensive presentation of the three seminal ideas of 20th century physics: Special and General Relativity, Quantum Theory and the Nuclear Atom. From here the text moves on to the new discoveries prompted by these ideas, their impact on our understanding of natural phenomena and their application to the development and invention of the devices and technologies that define the 21st century.Questions, exercises and problems for student assignments are found at the end of each of the six parts into which the text is divided; answers to the numerical questions are at the end of the book. The techniques by which trigonometric functions, phasors (rotating vectors) and complex numbers are employed in the mathematical description of wave motion are summarised in a supplementary section. In consideration of the audience for whom the book is intended, all mathematics other than that required for descriptive or illustrative purposes has been omitted from the main body of the text and incorporated into the 47 worked examples and 11 appendices.

This book originated from the need for a suitable student text for the course "An Introduction to Modern Physics" given at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. This course is open to all students who have completed the standard first-year physics courses in mechanics, optics, electricity and magnetism. Its primary goal is to produce graduates who are -- whatever their field of specialisation -- 'modern-physics-literate'. The presentation of the course material emphasises the physical aspects of the phenomena.